10 hours ago · History paper introduction. When writing your introduction there are a few ideas you need to keep in mind: Open with a broad statement ; Each sentence should get a little more specific and detailed, but not actually discussing the content of the essay. The introduction paragraph should conclude with An introductory paragraph is a single Introduction and Conclusion. INTRODUCTIONS. The introduction of a paper must introduce its thesis and not just its topic. Readers will lose some—if not much—of what the paper says if the introduction does not prepare them for what is coming (and tell them what to look for and how to evaluate it). For example, an introduction that says, “The British army fought in the battle of Saratoga” gives the reader virtually no guidance about the paper’s thesis (i.e., what the paper writing an essay. An ill-defined topic will never produce a good paper. A history essay is much more than a list of facts about events that happened in the past: it must explain. It is also more than a repetition of what other historians have already concluded: it must include your interpretation. A good historical essay is focused on a limited blogger.com Size: KB
How to Write an Introduction to a History Essay | Synonym
Paper is a thin nonwoven material traditionally made from a combination of milled plant and textile fibres. It is primarily used for writing, history paper introduction, artwork, and packaging; it is commonly white.
The first papermaking process was documented in History paper introduction during the Eastern Han period 25— CE traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun.
During the 8th century, Chinese papermaking spread to the Islamic worldwhere pulp mills and paper mills were used for papermaking and money making. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to Europe. By the 13th century, papermaking was refined with paper mills utilizing waterwheels in Spain.
Later European improvements to the papermaking process came in the 19th century with the history paper introduction of wood-based papers. Although precursors such as papyrus and amate existed in the Mediterranean world and pre-Columbian Americasrespectively, these materials are not defined as true paper. In the twentieth century with the advent of plastic manufacture some plastic "paper" was introduced, as well as paper-plastic laminates, paper-metal laminates, and papers infused or coated with different history paper introduction that give them special properties.
The word "paper" is etymologically derived from papyrusAncient Greek for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean societies for writing long before paper was used in China.
Papyrus is prepared by cutting off thin ribbon-like strips of the interior of the Cyperus papyrusand then laying history paper introduction the strips side-by-side to make a sheet. A second layer is then placed on top, history paper introduction, with the strips running at right angle to the first. The two layers are then pounded together into a sheet. The result is very strong, but has an uneven surface, especially at the edges of the strips.
When used in scrolls, repeated rolling and unrolling causes the strips to come apart again, typically along vertical lines. This effect can be seen in many ancient papyrus documents. Paper contrasts with papyrus in that the plant material is broken down through maceration or disintegration before the paper is pressed, history paper introduction. This produces a much more even surface, and no natural weak direction in the material which falls apart over time.
Papyrus was used in Egypt as early as the third millennium before Christ, and was made from the inner bark of the papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus. The bark was split into pieces which were placed crosswise in several layers with an adhesive between them, and then pressed and dried into a thin sheet which was polished for writing. This confusion resulted partly from the derivation of the word paperpapieror papel from papyrus and partly from ignorance about the nature of paper itself.
Papyrus is made by lamination of natural plants, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration or disintegration. Archaeological evidence of papermaking history paper introduction the traditional attribution given to Cai History paper introduction[6] an imperial eunuch official of the Han dynasty BCE — CEhistory paper introduction the exact date or inventor of paper can not be deduced.
The earliest extant paper fragment was unearthed at Fangmatan history paper introduction Gansu province, and was likely part of a map, dated to — BCE. The invention traditionally attributed to Cai Lun, recorded hundreds of years after it took place, is dated to CE. The innovation is a type of paper made of mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishing netsold rags, history paper introduction, and hemp waste which reduced the cost of paper production, which prior to this, and later, in the West, depended solely on rags.
During the Shang — BCE and Zhou — BCE dynasties of ancient Chinadocuments were ordinarily written on bone or bamboo on tablets or on bamboo strips sewn and rolled together into scrollsmaking them very heavy, awkward, and hard to transport. The light material of silk was sometimes used as a recording medium, but was normally too expensive to consider. The Han dynasty Chinese court official Cai Lun c. Cai Lun's biography in the Twenty-Four Histories says: [11].
The production process may have originated from the practice of pounding and stirring rags in water, after which the matted fibres were collected on a mat. The bark of paper mulberry was particularly valued and high quality paper was developed in the late Han period using the bark of tan 檀; sandalwood.
In the Eastern Jin period a history paper introduction bamboo screen-mould treated with insecticidal dye for permanence was used in papermaking, history paper introduction. After printing was popularized during the Song dynasty the demand for paper grew substantially. In the year1, history paper introduction. Open, it stretches; closed, it rolls up. it can be contracted or expanded; hidden away or displayed.
Among the earliest known uses of paper was padding and wrapping delicate bronze mirrors according to history paper introduction evidence dating to the reign of Emperor Wu of History paper introduction from the 2nd century BCE.
Toilet paper was used in China from around the late 6th century. During the Tang dynasty — paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. In the same period, it was written that tea was served from baskets with multi-colored paper cups and paper napkins of different size and shape.
Paper money was bestowed as gifts to government officials in special paper envelopes, history paper introduction. According to Timothy Hugh Barrett, paper played a pivotal role in early Chinese written culture, and a "strong reading culture seems to have developed quickly after its introduction, despite political fragmentation.
It meant books would no longer have to be circulated in small sections or bundles, but in their entirety. Books could now be carried by hand rather than transported by cart. As a result, individual collections of literary works increased in the following centuries. Textual culture seems to have been history paper introduction developed in the south by the early 5th century, with individuals owning collections of several thousand scrolls. In the north an entire palace collection might have been only a few thousand scrolls in total.
The personal nature of texts was remarked upon by a late 6th century imperial librarian. According to him, the possession of and familiarity with history paper introduction few hundred scrolls was what it took to be socially accepted as an educated man. According to Endymion Wilkinson, one consequence of the rise of paper in China was that "it rapidly began to surpass the Mediterranean empires in book production, history paper introduction.
In addition the gradual spread of woodblock printing from the late Tang and Song further boosted their lead ahead of the rest of the world. From the fourth century CE to aboutthe biggest library collections in China were three to four times larger than the largest collections in Europe. The imperial government book collections in the Tang numbered about 5, to 6, titles 89, juan in The Song imperial collections at their height in the early twelfth century may have risen to 4, to 5, titles.
These are indeed impressive numbers, but the imperial libraries were exceptional in China and their use was highly restricted. Only very few libraries in the Tang and Song held more than one or two thousand titles a size not even matched by the manuscript collections of the grandest of the great cathedral libraries in Europe, history paper introduction.
However, despite the initial advantage afforded to China by the paper medium, by the 9th century its spread and development in the Middle East had closed the gap between the two regions. Between the 9th to early 12th centuries, libraries in History paper introduction, Baghdad, and Cordoba held collections larger than even the ones in China, and dwarfed those in Europe. From about the maturation of paper making and printing in Southern Europe also had an effect in closing the gap with the Chinese.
The Venetian Domenico Grimani 's collection numbered 15, volumes by the time of his death in AfterEuropean collections completely overtook those in China. The Bibliotheca Augusta numbered 60, volumes in and surged toin In the s the Bibliothèque du Roi numbered 80, books and the Cambridge University 40, in Afterlibraries in North America also began to overtake those of China, and toward the end of the century, Thomas Jefferson 's private collection numbered 4, titles in 6, volumes.
The European advantage only increased further into the 19th century as national collections in Europe and America exceeded a million volumes while a few private collections, such as that of Lord Acton, reached 70, European book production began to catch up with China after the introduction of the mechanical printing press in the mid fifteenth century.
Reliable figures of the number of imprints of each edition are as hard to find in Europe as they are in China, history paper introduction, but one result of the spread of printing in Europe was that public and private libraries were able to build up their collections and history paper introduction the first time in over a thousand years they began to match and then overtake the largest libraries in China.
Paper became central to the three arts of China — poetry, painting, and calligraphy. In later times paper constituted one of the 'Four Treasures of the Scholar's Studio,' alongside the brush, the ink, and the inkstone, history paper introduction. After its origin in central Chinathe production and use of paper spread steadily. It is clear that paper was used at Dunhuang by CE, history paper introduction, in Loulan in the modern-day province of Xinjiang byand in Turpan by History paper introduction was concurrently introduced in Japan sometime between the years and Paper spread to Vietnam in the 3rd century, to Korea in the 4th century, and to Japan in the 5th century.
The paper of Korea was famed for being glossy white and was especially prized for painting and calligraphy, history paper introduction. It was among the items commonly sent to China as tribute, history paper introduction.
The Koreans spread paper to Japan possibly as early as the 5th century but the Buddhist monk Damjing 's trip to Japan in is often cited as the official beginning of history paper introduction there.
Paper was used in Central Asia by the 8th century but its origin is not clear. According to the 11th century Persian historian, Al-ThaʽālibīChinese prisoners captured at the Battle of Talas in introduced paper manufacturing to Samarkand. A Chinese prisoner, Du Huan, who later returned to China reported weavers, painters, goldsmiths, and silversmiths among the prisoners taken, but no papermakers.
According to Al-Nadim, a writer in BaghdadChinese craftsmen made paper in Khorasan : [28]. Then there is the Khurasani paper made of flax, which some say appeared in the days of the Umayyads, while others say it was during the Abbasid regime.
Some say that it was an ancient product and others say that it is recent. It is stated that craftsmen from China made it in Khurasan in the form of Chinese paper. According to Jonathan Bloom — a scholar of Islamic and Asian Art with a focus on paper and printing, the connection between Chinese prisoners and the introduction history paper introduction paper in Central Asia is "unlikely to be factual".
Archaeological evidence shows that paper was already known and used in Samarkand decades before CE. Seventy-six texts in SogdianArabicand Chinese have also been found near Panjakentlikely predating the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana, history paper introduction. Bloom argues that based on differences in Chinese and Central Asian papermaking techniques and materials, the story of Chinese papermakers directly introducing paper to Central Asia is probably metaphorical.
Chinese paper was mostly made of bast fibers while Islamic paper was primarily made of waste material like rags. The Islamic civilization helped spread paper and paper-making into the Middle East after the 8th-century, from where it arrived into Europe centuries later, and then to many other parts of the world.
A historical remnant of this legacy is the continued use of the word "ream" to count bundles of paper, a word derived from Arabic rizma bundle, bale.
During the 8th century, paper started to replace parchment as the primary writing material for administrative uses in Baghdadthe capital of Abbasids. There are records of paper being made at Gilgit in Pakistan by the sixth century, in Samarkand byin Baghdad byin Egypt byand in Feshistory paper introduction, Morocco aroundin Syria e.
Damascus, and Aleppo, in Andalusia around 12th century, in Persia e. Maragheh by 13th century, Isfahan by 14th century, Ghazvin and History paper introduction, in India e.
Dowlat Abad by the 16th century. The writer stated that the city was famous for paper manufacturing and the product was exported to many other cities as a high-quality item. For instance, it is said that some Ministers in Egypt preferred ordering their required paper to Samarkand from which the paper was transported all the way to Egypt, history paper introduction.
How to Write an Eye-Catching Essay Introduction - Scribbr ��
, time: 4:33Reflection essay: History paper introduction
10 hours ago · History paper introduction. When writing your introduction there are a few ideas you need to keep in mind: Open with a broad statement ; Each sentence should get a little more specific and detailed, but not actually discussing the content of the essay. The introduction paragraph should conclude with An introductory paragraph is a single Introduction and Conclusion. INTRODUCTIONS. The introduction of a paper must introduce its thesis and not just its topic. Readers will lose some—if not much—of what the paper says if the introduction does not prepare them for what is coming (and tell them what to look for and how to evaluate it). For example, an introduction that says, “The British army fought in the battle of Saratoga” gives the reader virtually no guidance about the paper’s thesis (i.e., what the paper writing an essay. An ill-defined topic will never produce a good paper. A history essay is much more than a list of facts about events that happened in the past: it must explain. It is also more than a repetition of what other historians have already concluded: it must include your interpretation. A good historical essay is focused on a limited blogger.com Size: KB
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