writ·ing (rī′tĭng) n. 1. a. The act or process of producing and recording words in a form that can be read and understood: At first, most students find writing difficult. b. The occupation or style of someone who writes, especially for publication. 2. Written form: Put it in writing. 3. Handwriting; penmanship: writing that has many flourishes. 4 Writing, form of human communication by means of a set of visible marks that are related, by convention, to some particular structural level of language. Languages are systems of symbols, and writing is a system for symbolizing these symbols. Learn more about writing in this article There are different types of model texts, with writing tips and interactive exercises that practise the writing skills you need to do well in your studies, to get ahead at work and to communicate in English in your free time. Take our free online English test to find out which level to choose. Select your level, from beginner (CEFR level A1) to advanced (CEFR level C1), and improve your
Writing | Definition of Writing by Merriam-Webster
Writing is a medium of human communication that involves the representation of a language with written symbols. The result of the writing of writing is called a textand the interpreter or activator of this text is called a reader. As human societies emerged, writing motivations for the development of writing were driven by pragmatic exigencies like keeping historywriting, maintaining culturewriting, codifying knowledge through curricula writing lists of texts deemed to contain foundational knowledge e.
Wellshad speculated since the early 20th century on the likely writing between the emergence of systems of writing and the development of city-states into empires. Further innovations included more uniform, predictable, and writing dispersed legal systemsdistribution and discussion of accessible versions of sacred texts writing, and the origins of modern practices of scientific inquiry and knowledge-consolidationall largely reliant on portable and easily reproducible forms of inscribed language.
Individual, writing, as opposed to collective, writing, motivations for writing include improvised additional capacity for the limitations of human memory e. The major writing systems —methods of inscription—broadly fall into five categories: logographicsyllabicalphabeticfeaturaland ideographic symbols for ideas, writing. A sixth category, pictographicis insufficient to represent language on its own, but often forms the core of logographies.
A logogram is a written character which represents a word or morpheme. A vast number of logograms are needed writing write Chinese characterswriting, cuneiformand Mayanwriting, where writing glyph may stand for a morpheme, a syllable, writing, or both— "logoconsonantal" in the case of hieroglyphs. Many logograms have an ideographic component Chinese "radicals", hieroglyphic "determiners", writing. For example, writing, in Mayan, the glyph for "fin", pronounced "ka", writing, was also used to represent the syllable "ka" whenever writing pronunciation of a logogram needed to be indicated, or when there was writing logogram.
However, such phonetic elements complement the writing elements, writing, rather than vice versa. The main logographic system in use today is Chinese charactersused with some modification for writing various languages or dialects of ChinaJapanand sometimes in Korean despite the fact that in South and North Koreathe phonetic Writing system is mainly used.
A syllabary is a set of writing symbols that represent or approximate syllables, writing. A glyph in a syllabary typically represents a consonant followed by a writing, or just a vowel alone, though in some scripts more complex syllables such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or writing may have dedicated glyphs, writing.
Phonetically related syllables are not so indicated in the script. For instance, the syllable "ka" may look nothing like the syllable "ki", nor will syllables with the same vowels be similar. Syllabaries are best suited to languages with a relatively simple syllable structure, writing, such as Japanese. Other languages that use syllabic writing include the Linear B script for Mycenaean Greek ; Sequoyan[10] Ndjukawriting, an English-based creole writing of Surinam ; and the Vai script of Liberia.
Most logographic systems have a strong syllabic component, writing. Ethiopicthough technically writing abugidawriting fused consonants and vowels together to the point where it is learned as if it were a syllabary.
An alphabet is a set of symbols, each of which represents or historically represented a phoneme of the language. In a perfectly phonological alphabet, writing, the phonemes and letters would correspond perfectly in two directions: a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling.
As languages often evolve independently of their writing writing, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a writing varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language. In most of the writing systems of the Middle East, writing, it is usually only the consonants of a word that are written, although vowels may be indicated by the addition of various diacritical marks.
Writing systems based writing on marking the consonant phonemes alone date back to the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt. Such systems are called abjadswriting, derived from the Arabic word for "alphabet". In most of the alphabets of India and Southeast Asiawriting, writing are indicated through diacritics or modification of the shape of the consonant.
These are called writing. Some abugidas, writing as Ethiopic and Creeare learned by children as syllabaries, and so are often called "syllabics". However, unlike true syllabaries, writing, there is not an independent glyph for each syllable. Sometimes the term "alphabet" is restricted to systems with separate letters for writing and vowels, such as the Latin alphabetalthough abugidas and abjads may also be accepted as alphabets, writing.
Because of this use, writing, Greek is often considered to be the first alphabet. A featural script notates in an internally consistent way the building blocks of the phonemes that make up a language, writing.
For instance, all sounds pronounced with the lips "labial" sounds may have some element in common, writing. In the Latin alphabet, this is accidentally the case with the letters "b" and "p"; however, labial "m" is completely dissimilar, writing, and the similar-looking "q" and "d" are not labial.
In Korean hangulwriting, all four labial consonants are based on the same basic element, but in practice, Korean is learned by writing as an ordinary alphabet, writing, and the featural elements tend to pass unnoticed. Another featural script is SignWritingthe most popular writing system for many sign languageswhere the shapes and movements of the hands and face are represented iconically. Featural scripts are also common in fictional or invented systems, such as Writing. Tolkien 's Tengwar.
Historians draw a sharp distinction between prehistory and history, with writing defined by the advent of writing. The cave paintings and petroglyphs of prehistoric peoples can be considered precursors of writing, writing, but they are not considered true writing because they did not represent language directly.
Writing systems develop and change based on the needs of the people who use them. Sometimes the shape, writing, orientation, and meaning writing individual signs changes over time, writing. By tracing the development of a script, writing, it is possible to learn about the needs of the people who used the script as well as how the script changed over time.
The many tools and writing materials writing throughout history include stone tabletswriting, clay tabletsbamboo slats, papyruswax tabletswritingparchmentpapercopperplatestylusesquillsink brushespencilspenswriting, writing many styles of lithography, writing.
The Incas used knotted cords known as quipu or khipu for keeping records. The typewriter and various forms of word processors have subsequently become widespread writing tools, and various studies have compared the ways in which writers have framed the experience writing writing with such tools as compared with writing pen or pencil, writing.
A stone slab with 3,year-old writing, known as the Cascajal Blockwas discovered in the Writing state of Veracruz and is an example of the oldest script in the Western Hemisphere, preceding the oldest Zapotec writing by approximately years.
Of several pre-Columbian scripts in Mesoamericathe one that appears to have been best developed, and the only one to be deciphered, is the Maya script, writing.
The earliest inscription identified as Maya dates to writing 3rd century BC. Inarchaeologists discovered that there was a civilization in Central Asia that used writing c, writing. An excavation near Ashgabatthe capital of Turkmenistanwriting, revealed an writing on a piece of stone that was used as a stamp seal.
The earliest surviving examples of writing in China—inscriptions on so-called " writing bones ", writing, writing plastrons and ox scapulae used for divination—date from around BC in the late Shang dynasty. A small number of bronze inscriptions from the same period have also survived. In writing, archaeologists reported discoveries of isolated tortoise-shell carvings dating back to the 7th millennium BC, but whether or not these symbols are related to the writing of the later oracle-bone script is disputed.
The earliest known hieroglyphs date back to the second half of the 4th millennium BC, such as the clay labels of a Predynastic ruler called "Scorpion I" Naqada IIIA period, c, writing. The hieroglyphic script writing logographic with phonetic adjuncts that included an effective alphabet.
The world's oldest deciphered sentence was found on a seal impression found in the tomb of Seth-Peribsen at Umm el-Qa'ab, which dates from the Second Dynasty 28th or 27th century BC, writing. There are around hieroglyphs dating back to the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom Eras. Writing the Greco-Roman period, there are more than writing, Writing was very important in maintaining the Egyptian empire, writing, and literacy was concentrated among an educated elite of scribes.
Only people from certain backgrounds were allowed to train to become scribes, in the service of temple, pharaonic, and military authorities, resulting in only 1 percent of the population that could write. The world's oldest known alphabet appears to have been developed by Canaanite turquoise miners in the Sinai desert around the midth century BC.
This site was also home to a temple of Hathor, the "Mistress of turquoise", writing. A later, two line inscription has also been found at Wadi el-Hol in Central Egypt. Based on hieroglyphic prototypes, but also including entirely new symbols, each sign apparently stood for a consonant rather than a word: the basis of an alphabetic system.
It was not until writing 12th to 9th centuries, however, that the alphabet took hold and became widely used, writing. Over the centuries, three distinct Elamite scripts developed.
Proto-Elamite is the oldest known writing system from Iran, writing. Writing use only for a brief time c, writing. The Proto-Elamite script is thought writing have developed from early writing proto-cuneiform. The Proto-Elamite script consists of more than 1, signs and is thought to be partly logographic.
Linear Elamite is a writing system attested in a few monumental inscriptions in Iran. It was used for a writing brief period during the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC. It is often claimed that Linear Elamite is a syllabic writing system derived from Proto-Elamite, writing, although this cannot be proven since Linear-Elamite has not been deciphered. Several scholars writing attempted to decipher the writing, most notably Walther Hinz and Piero Meriggi, writing.
The Elamite cuneiform script was used from about to BC, and was adapted from the Akkadian cuneiform. The Elamite cuneiform script consisted of about symbols, writing, far fewer than most other cuneiform scripts. Cretan hieroglyphs are found on writing of Crete early-to-mid-2nd millennium Writing, MM I to MM III, overlapping with Linear A from MM IIA at the earliest. Linear Bthe writing writing of the Mycenaean Greeks writing, [27] has been deciphered while Linear A has writing to be deciphered.
The sequence and the geographical spread of the three overlapping, writing, but distinct writing systems can be summarized as follows beginning date refers to first attestations, writing, the assumed origins of all scripts lie further back in the past : Cretan hieroglyphs were used in Crete from c.
Indus script refers to short strings of symbols associated with the Indus Valley Civilization which spanned modern-day Pakistan and Writing India used between and BC. In spite of many attempts at decipherments and claims, it is as yet undeciphered, writing. The term 'Indus script' is mainly applied to that used in the mature Harappan phase, which perhaps evolved from a few signs found in early Harappa after BC, [28] and was followed by the mature Harappan script.
The script is written from right to left, [29] and sometimes follows a boustrophedonic style. Since the number of principal signs is about —, writing, [30] midway between typical logographic and syllabic scripts, many scholars accept the script to be logo-syllabic [31] typically syllabic scripts have about 50— signs whereas logographic scripts have a very large number of principal signs.
Several scholars maintain that structural analysis indicates that an agglutinative writing underlies the script. While neolithic writing is a current research topic, conventional history assumes that the writing process first evolved from economic necessity in the ancient Near East.
Writing most likely began as a consequence of political expansion in ancient cultures, which needed reliable means for transmitting information, maintaining financial accounts, keeping historical records, and similar activities. Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration outgrew the writing of memory, and writing became a more dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form.
The invention of the first writing systems is roughly contemporary with the beginning of the Bronze Age of the late 4th millennium BC. The Sumerian archaic cuneiform script and the Egyptian hieroglyphs are generally considered the earliest writing systems, both emerging out of their ancestral proto-literate symbol systems from to BC with earliest coherent texts from about BC, writing. It writing generally agreed that Sumerian writing was an independent invention; however, writing, it is debated whether Egyptian writing was developed completely independently of Sumerian, or was a case of cultural diffusion, writing.
Archaeologist Denise Schmandt-Besserat determined writing link between previously uncategorized clay "tokens", the oldest of which have been found in the Zagros region of Iran, writing, and the first known writing, Mesopotamian cuneiform. Later they began placing these tokens inside large, hollow clay containers bulla, or globular envelopes which were then sealed, writing.
The quantity of tokens in each container came to be expressed by impressing, on the container's surface, writing, one picture for each instance of the token inside. They next writing with the tokens, writing, relying solely on symbols for the tokens, drawn on clay surfaces, writing.
What reading slowly taught me about writing - Jacqueline Woodson
, time: 10:55Writing | Definition of Writing at blogger.com
blogger.com is the online community for creative writing, fiction writing, story writing, poetry writing, writing contests, writing portfolios, writing help, and writing writers writ·ing (rī′tĭng) n. 1. a. The act or process of producing and recording words in a form that can be read and understood: At first, most students find writing difficult. b. The occupation or style of someone who writes, especially for publication. 2. Written form: Put it in writing. 3. Handwriting; penmanship: writing that has many flourishes. 4 Clear writing and communication skills are highly sought in a range of industries, including advertising, publishing, law, development work, and web design, making a writing background attractive to many potential employers. Currently, a search of “writing jobs” yields over , results for open positions ranging from Content Writer for online resources to a role as Elementary Reading
No comments:
Post a Comment