Dec 23, · Finally, many of the norms of research promote a variety of other important moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and public health and safety. Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students, and the public Sep 04, · Corporate social responsibility is a business model in which companies make a concerted effort to operate in ways that enhance rather than Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a form of international private business self-regulation which aims to contribute to societal goals of a philanthropic, activist, or charitable nature by engaging in or supporting volunteering or ethically-oriented practices. While once it was possible to describe CSR as an internal organisational policy or a corporate ethic strategy, that time has
Code of Ethics for Bloggers, Social Media and Content Creators
David B. Resnik, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, May Note: This glossary is intended for educational or research purposes only and is not intended to provide legal advice or replace or contravene existing laws or institutional policies. Send comments to: resnikd niehs. Many of the definitions are based on Shamoo AE and Resnik DB, Responsible Conduct of Research3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, Accreditation: a process in which an accrediting body determines whether an institution or organization meets certain standards developed by the body.
For example, the Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care AAALAC accredits animal research programs, and the Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs AAHRPP accredits human subjects research programs. Adverse event AE : a medically undesirable event occurring in a research subject, such as an abnormal sign, symptom, worsening of a disease, injury, etc.
AEs which are also unanticipated problems ethics and social responsibility research papers be reported promptly to institutional review boards and other appropriate officials. Animal care committee: see Institutional animal care and use committee. Animal rights: the view that non-human animals have moral or legal rights, ethics and social responsibility research papers.
Proponents of animal rights tend to regard animal experimentation as unethical because animals cannot consent to research. Animal welfare: 1. The health and well-being of animals. The ethical obligation to protect and promote animal welfare in research. Factors affecting animal welfare include: food, water, housing, climate, mental stimulation, and freedom from pain, suffering, disease, and disability.
See also Three Rs. Asilomar Conference: a meeting of scientists, held in Asilomar, CA inwho were involved in development recombinant DNA techniques concerning the oversight of responsible use of this technology.
The scientists recommended the development of safety protocols as a means of protecting laboratory workers and the public from harm. Assent may take place when the subject does not have the capacity to provide informed consent e. the subject is a child or mentally disabled but has the capacity to meaningfully assent.
See Informed Consent. Audit: a formal review of research records, policies, activities, personnel, or facilities to ensure compliance with ethical or legal standards or institutional policies. Audits may be conducted regularly, at random, or for-cause i. in response to a problem. Author: a person who makes a significant contribution to a creative work. Many journal guidelines define an author as someone who makes a significant contribution to 1 research conception and design, 2 data acquisition, or 3 data analysis or interpretation; and who drafts or critically reads the paper and approves the final manuscript.
Authorship, ghost: failing to list someone as an author on a work even though they have made a significant contribution to it, ethics and social responsibility research papers. Authorship, honorary: receiving authorship credit when one has not made a significant contribution to the work.
Autonomy: 1. the capacity for self-governance, i. the ethics and social responsibility research papers to make reasonable decisions. A moral principle barring interference with autonomous decision-making. See Decision-making capacity. Bad apples theory : the idea that most research misconduct is committed by individuals who are morally corrupt or psychologically ill.
This idea can be contrasted with the view that social, financial, institutional, and cultural factors play a major role in causing research misconduct. See Culture of integrity. Belmont Report : A report issued by the U. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects in Biomedical and Behavioral Research inwhich has had a significant influence over human subjects research ethics, ethics and social responsibility research papers, regulationand policy.
The report provided a conceptual foundation for the Common Rule and articulated three principles of ethics: respect for personsbeneficenceand justice. Beneficence : the ethical obligation to ethics and social responsibility research papers good and avoid causing harm. See also Belmont Report. Benefit : a desirable outcome or state of affairs, such as medical treatment, clinically useful information, or self-esteem.
In the oversight of human subjects research, money is usually not treated as a benefit. See also Conflict of Interest. Biobank : a repository for storing biological samples or data to be used in research.
Biobanks usually require investigators or institutions to agree to certain conditions as a condition for sharing samples or data with them. Bioethics : the study of ethical, social, or legal issues arising in biomedicine and biomedical research. Biotechnology : an applied science that uses living organisms like plants and bacteria to produce products for healthcare, energy, and environmental safety.
Censorship : taking ethics and social responsibility research papers to prevent or deter the public communication of information or ideas. In science, censorship may involve prohibiting the publication of research or allowing publication only in redacted form with some information removed.
Citation amnesia : failing to cite important work in ethics and social responsibility research papers field in a paper, book, or presentation.
Classified research : research that the government keeps secret to protect national security. Access to classified research is granted to individuals with the appropriate security clearance on a need-to-know basis. Clinical investigator : a researcher involved in conducting a clinical trial. Clinical trial : an experiment designed to test the safety or efficacy of a type of therapy such as a drug. Clinical trial, active controlled : a clinical trial in which the control group receives a treatment known to be effective.
The goal of the trial is to compare different treatments. Clinical trial, placebo controlled : a clinical trial in which the control group receives a placebo. The goal of the trial is to compare a treatment to a placebo. Clinical trial, phases : sequential stages of clinical testing, required by regulatory agencies, used in the development of medical treatments, ethics and social responsibility research papers. Pre-clinical testing involves experiments on animals or cells to estimate safety and potential efficacy.
Phase I trials are small studies subjects conducted in human beings for the first time to assess safety, pharmacology, or dosing. Phase I studies are usually conducted on healthy volunteers though some are conducted on patients with terminal diseases, such as cancer patients. Phase II trials are larger studies or more subjects conducted on patients with a disease to assess safety and efficacy and establish a therapeutic dose, ethics and social responsibility research papers.
Phase III trials are large studies up to several thousand subjects conducted on patients to obtain more information on safety and efficacy. Phase IV or post-marketing studies are conducted after a treatment has been approved for marketing to gather more information on safety and efficacy and to expand the range of the population being treated. Clinical trial, registration : providing information about a clinical trial in a public registry.
Most journals and funding agencies require that clinical trials be registered. Clinical utility : the clinical usefulness of information, e. for making decisions concerning diagnosis, prevention, or treatment. Coercion : using force, threats, or intimidation to make a person comply with a demand.
Collaboration agreement : an agreement between two or more collaborating research groups concerning the conduct of research. The agreement may address the roles and responsibilities of the scientists, access to data, authorship, and intellectual property.
Commercialization : the ethics and social responsibility research papers of developing and marketing commercial products e. drugs, medical devices, or other technologies from research. See also CopyrightsIntellectual PropertyPatents. Common law : a body of law based on judicial decisions and rulings.
Common Rule : The U. Department of Health and Human Services regulations 45 CFR 46 for protecting human subjects, which has been adopted by 17 federal agencies. The Common Rule includes subparts with additional protections for children, neonates, pregnant women and fetuses, and prisoners.
Community review : a process for involving a community in the review of research conducted on members of the community. Some research studies include community advisory boards as a way of involving the community. Adults are considered to be legally competent until they are adjudicated incompetent by a court.
Compliance : in research, complying with laws, institutional policies and ethical guidelines related to research. Conduct : Action or behavior. For example, conducting research involves performing actions related to research, such as designing experiments, collecting data, analyzing data, and so on. Confidentiality : the obligation to keep some types of information confidential or secret. In science, confidential information typically includes: private data pertaining to human subjects, papers or research proposals submitted for peer review, personnel records, proceedings from misconduct inquiries or investigations, and proprietary data.
See also Privacy. Conflict of interest COI : a situation in which a person has a financial, personal, political or other interest which is likely to bias his or her judgment or decision-making concerning the performance of his or her ethical or legal obligations or duties. Conflict of interest, apparent or perceived : a situation in which a person has a financial, personal, political or other interest that is not likely to bias his or her judgment or decision-making concerning the performance of his or her ethical or legal obligation or duties but which may appear to an outside observer to bias his or her judgement or decision-making.
Conflict of interest, institutional : a situation in which an institution such as a university has financial, political, or other interests which are likely to bias institutional decision-making concerning the performance of institutional ethical or legal duties. Consent : See Informed consent. Consequentialism : an approach to ethicssuch as utilitarianismwhich emphasizes maximizing good over bad consequences resulting from actions or policies.
Continuing review : in human subjects researchsubsequent review of a study after it has been approved by an IRB. Continuing review usually happens on an annual basis. Copyright : a rightgranted by a government, which prohibits unauthorized copying, performance, ethics and social responsibility research papers, or alteration of creative works.
What Are Research Ethics?
, time: 8:02What Is Ethics in Research & Why Is It Important? - by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.
Ethics of Science is a comprehensive and student-friendly introduction to the study of ethics in science and scientific research. The book covers: * Science and Ethics * Ethical Theory and Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a form of international private business self-regulation which aims to contribute to societal goals of a philanthropic, activist, or charitable nature by engaging in or supporting volunteering or ethically-oriented practices. While once it was possible to describe CSR as an internal organisational policy or a corporate ethic strategy, that time has However, many privacy issues are idiosyncratic to the research population, writes Susan Folkman, PhD, in "Ethics in Research with Human Participants" (APA, ). For instance, researchers need to devise ways to ask whether participants are willing to talk about sensitive topics without putting them in awkward situations, say experts
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