Sep 29, · Maya Angelou. Maya Angelou was a civil rights activist, poet and award-winning author known for her acclaimed memoir, 'I Know Why the An acclaimed American poet, storyteller, activist, and autobiographer, Maya Angelou was born Marguerite Johnson in St. Louis, Missouri. Angelou had a broad career as a singer, dancer, actress, composer, and Hollywood’s first female black director, but became most famous as a writer, editor, essayist, playwright, and poet. As a civil rights activist, Angelou worked for Dr. Martin Luther King May 10, · Maya Angelou was a civil rights activist, poet and award-winning author known for her acclaimed memoir, 'I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings,' and
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A tram in North America streetcar or trolley is a train that runs on tramway track on public urban streets; some include segments of segregated right-of-way. Many recently built tramways use the contemporary term light rail. The vehicles are called streetcars or trolleys not meaning trolleybus in North America and trams or tramcars elsewhere. The first two terms are often used interchangeably in the United Stateswith trolley being preferred in the eastern US and streetcar in Canada and the western US.
In parts of the United States, internally powered maya angelou biography essay made to resemble a streetcar are often referred to as "trolleys". To avoid further confusion with trolley busesthe American Public Transportation Association APTA refers to them as " trolley-replica buses ". In the United States, the term tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trainswhich maya angelou biography essay unrelated to other kinds of trams.
Tram vehicles are usually lighter and maya angelou biography essay than main line and rapid transit trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph sliding on an overhead line ; older systems may use a trolley pole or a bow collector, maya angelou biography essay. In some cases, a contact shoe on a third rail is used. If necessary, they may have dual power systems—electricity in city streets and diesel in more rural environments.
Occasionally, trams also carry freight. Trams are now commonly included in the wider term " light rail ", [3] which also includes grade-separated systems. Some trams, known as tram-trainsmay have segments that run on mainline railway tracks, similar to interurban systems.
The differences between these modes of rail transport are often indistinct and a given system may combine multiple features. Coventry Very Light Rail[5] ULR Partners future-light-rail [6] or lower use branch train lines. Thus installation costs may be lower than traditional trains and trams. One of the advantages over earlier forms of transit was the low rolling resistance of metal wheels on steel rails, allowing the trams to haul a greater load for a given effort.
Problems included the high total cost of ownership of horses. Electric trams largely replaced animal power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, maya angelou biography essay.
Improvements in other vehicles such as buses led to decline of trams in the maya angelou biography essay 20th century. However, trams have seen resurgence in recent years. Inthe Aubagne tramway in Southern France became the first tram system in the world not to charge fares, maya angelou biography essay. The history of trams, streetcars or trolley systems, began in the early nineteenth century. It can be divided into several distinct periods defined by the principal means of power used.
The world's first passenger train or tram was the Swansea and Mumbles Railwayin WalesUK. The Mumbles Railway Act was passed by the British Parliament inand horse-drawn service started in Street railways developed in America before Europe, largely due to the poor paving of the streets in American cities which made them unsuitable for horsebuseswhich were then common on the well-paved streets of European cities.
Running the horsecars on rails allowed for a much smoother ride. There are records of a street railway running in Baltimore as early ashowever the first authenticated streetcar in America, was the New York and Harlem Railroad developed by the Irish coach builder John Stephensonin New York City which began service in the year It was followed in by the New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad in New Orleans, Louisiana[19] which still operates as the St.
Charles Streetcar Line. Other American cities did not follow until the s, after which the "animal railway" became an increasingly common feature in the larger towns. The first permanent tram line in continental Europe was opened in Paris in by Alphonse Loubat who had previously worked on American streetcar lines, maya angelou biography essay. The first tram in South America opened in in Santiago, Chile. The first trams in Australia opened in in Sydney.
Africa's first tram service started in Alexandria on 8 January The first trams in Asia opened in in Batavia now JakartaNetherlands East Indies now Indonesia. Problems with horsecars included the fact that any given animal could only work so many hours on a given day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of manure, which the streetcar company was charged with storing maya angelou biography essay then disposing of.
Since a typical horse pulled a streetcar for about a dozen miles a day and worked for four or five hours, many systems needed ten or more horses in stable for each horsecar, maya angelou biography essay.
Horsecars were largely replaced by electric-powered trams following the improvement of an overhead trolley system on trams for collecting electricity from overhead wires by Frank J.
His spring-loaded trolley pole used a wheel to travel along the wire. In late and earlyusing his trolley system, Sprague installed the first successful large electric street railway system in Richmond, Virginia.
Within a year, the economy of electric power had replaced more costly horsecars in many cities. Byelectric railways incorporating Sprague's equipment had been begun or planned on several continents. Horses continued to be used for light shunting well into the 20th century, and many large metropolitan lines lasted into the early 20th century. New York City had a regular horsecar service on the Bleecker Street Line until its closure in The last regular mule-drawn cars in the US ran in Sulphur Rock, Arkansasuntil and were commemorated by a U.
postage stamp issued in The tram made its last journey on 30 September when the Omagh to Enniskillen line closed. The "van" now lies at the Ulster Transport Museum. Horse-drawn trams still operate on the built Douglas Bay Horse Tramway in the Isle of Manand at the built horse tram at Victor Harbor in South Australia.
New horse-drawn systems have been established at the Hokkaidō Museum in Japan and also in Disneyland. A horse tram route in Polish gmina Mrozyfirst built inwas reopened in The first mechanical trams were powered by steam. The first and most common had a small steam locomotive called a tram engine in the UK at the head of a line of one or more carriages, maya angelou biography essay, similar to a small train.
Steam tramways also were used on the suburban tramway lines around Milan and Padua ; the last Gamba de Legn "Peg-Leg" tramway ran on the Milan- Magenta -Castano Primo route in late The other style of steam tram had the steam engine in the body of the tram, referred to as a tram engine UK or steam dummy US. The most notable system to adopt such trams was in Paris, maya angelou biography essay. French-designed steam trams also operated in Rockhamptonin the Australian state of Queensland between and StockholmSweden, had a steam tram line at the island of Södermalm between and Tram engines usually had modifications to make them suitable for street running in residential areas.
The wheels, and other moving parts of the machinery, were usually enclosed for safety reasons and to make the engines quieter. Measures were often taken to prevent the engines from emitting visible smoke or steam. Usually the engines used coke rather than coal as fuel to avoid emitting smoke; condensers or superheating were used to avoid emitting visible steam. A major drawback of this style of tram was the limited space for the engine, so that these trams were usually underpowered.
Steam tram engines faded out around the s to s, being replaced by electric trams. Another motive system for trams was the cable car, maya angelou biography essay, which was pulled along a fixed track by a moving steel cable. The power to move the cable was normally provided at a "powerhouse" site a distance away from the actual vehicle. The London and Blackwall Railwaywhich opened for passengers in east London, England, in used such maya angelou biography essay system.
The first practical cable car line was tested in San Franciscoin Part of its success is attributed to the development of an effective and reliable cable grip mechanism, to grab and release the moving cable without damage. The second city to operate cable trams was Dunedin maya angelou biography essay New Zealand, from to The most extensive cable system in the US was built in Chicagohaving been built in stages between and New York City developed multiple cable car lines, that operated from to From tothe city of MelbourneVictoria, Australia operated one of the largest cable systems in the world, at its peak running trams on 75 kilometres 47 mi maya angelou biography essay track.
There were also two isolated cable lines in SydneyNew South Wales, Australia; the North Sydney line from to[31] and the King Street line from to In DresdenGermany, in an elevated suspended cable car following the Eugen Langen one-railed floating tram system started maya angelou biography essay. Cable cars operated on Highgate Hill in North London and Kennington maya angelou biography essay Brixton Hill in South London.
In Italy, in Triestethe Trieste—Opicina tramway was opened inwith the steepest maya angelou biography essay of the route being negotiated with the help of a funicular and its cables. Cable cars suffered from high infrastructure costs, since an expensive system of cablespulleysstationary engines and lengthy underground vault structures beneath the rails had to be provided. They also required physical strength and skill to operate, and alert operators to avoid obstructions and other cable cars.
The cable had to be disconnected "dropped" at designated locations to allow the cars to coast by inertia, for example when crossing another cable line. The cable would then have to be "picked up" to resume progress, the whole operation requiring precise timing to avoid damage to the cable and the grip mechanism. Breaks and frays in the cable, which occurred frequently, required the complete cessation of services over a cable route while the cable was repaired. Due to overall wear, the entire length of cable typically several kilometres would have to be replaced on a regular schedule.
After the development of reliable electrically powered trams, maya angelou biography essay costly high-maintenance cable car systems were rapidly replaced in most locations. Cable cars remained especially effective in hilly cities, since their nondriven wheels would not lose traction as they climbed or descended a steep hill. The moving cable would physically pull the car up the hill at a steady pace, unlike a low-powered steam or horse-drawn car.
Cable cars do have wheel brakes and track brakesbut the cable also helps restrain the car to going downhill at a constant speed. Performance in steep terrain partially explains the survival of cable cars in San Francisco. The San Francisco cable carsthough significantly reduced in number, maya angelou biography essay, continue to perform a regular transportation function, maya angelou biography essay, in addition to being a well-known tourist attraction. A single cable line also survives in WellingtonNew Zealand rebuilt in as a funicular but still called the " Wellington Cable Car ".
Another system, actually two separate cable lines with a shared power station in the middle, operates from the Welsh town of Llandudno up to the top of the Great Orme hill in North WalesUK. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries a number of systems in various parts of the world employed trams powered by gas, naphtha gas or coal gas in particular, maya angelou biography essay.
Gas trams are known to have operated between Alphington and Clifton Hill in the northern suburbs of MelbourneAustralia — ; in Berlin and DresdenGermany; in Estonia — ; between Jelenia GóraCiepliceand Sobieszów in Poland from ; and in the UK at Lytham St AnnesTrafford ParkManchester — and NeathWales — On 29 December the Melbourne newspaper The Argus reprinted a report from the San Francisco Bulletin that Mr Noble had demonstrated a new 'motor car' for tramways 'with success'.
The tramcar 'exactly similar in size, shape, and capacity to a cable grip car' had the 'motive power' of gas 'with which the reservoir is to be charged once a day at power stations by means of a rubber hose', maya angelou biography essay. The car also carried an electricity generator for 'lighting up the tram and maya angelou biography essay for driving the engine on steep grades and effecting a start'.
HISTORY OF - Maya Angelou
, time: 2:55Tram - Wikipedia
The world's first passenger train or tram was the Swansea and Mumbles Railway, in Wales, blogger.com Mumbles Railway Act was passed by the British Parliament in , and horse-drawn service started in The service closed in , but was restarted in , again using horses. It was worked by steam from , and then, from , by very large (seater) electric tramcars, until closure in An acclaimed American poet, storyteller, activist, and autobiographer, Maya Angelou was born Marguerite Johnson in St. Louis, Missouri. Angelou had a broad career as a singer, dancer, actress, composer, and Hollywood’s first female black director, but became most famous as a writer, editor, essayist, playwright, and poet. As a civil rights activist, Angelou worked for Dr. Martin Luther King 2 days ago · Poem Hunter all poems of by Maya Angelou poems. 52 poems of Maya Angelou. Phenomenal Woman, Still I Rise, Caged Bird
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